# Simple tool for making class-like objects using nested scopes and closures in Python 3
#
# Advantages:
# * cleaner coding style
# * faster internal references
# * faster external calls - no bound methods or rewriting arg tuples
# * inlined initialization code
# * painlessly delegate work to other objects
#
# Disadvantages:
# * need setter methods to update attributes
# * inheritance is not supported
# * slower calls to special methods
# * there is no "self"
# * limited support for help()
import sys
class Instance:
'Instances where methods are implemented as closures'
# The Python interpreter looks for special methods in the class dictionary
# Add support for them by dispatching them back to the instance methods
smethods = '''__bool__ __int__ __float__ __complex__ __index__
__len__ __getitem__ __setitem__ __delitem__ __contains__
__iter__ __next__ __reversed__
__call__ __enter__ __exit__
__str__ __repr__ __bytes__ __format__
__eq__ __ne__ __lt__ __le__ __gt__ __ge__ __hash__
__add__ __mul__ __sub__ __truediv__ __floordiv__ __mod__
__and__ __or__ __xor__ __invert__ __lshift__ __rshift__
__pos__ __neg__ __abs__ __pow__ __divmod__
__round__ __ceil__ __floor__ __trunc__
__radd__ __rmul__ __rsub__ __rtruediv__ __rfloordiv__ __rmod__
__rand__ __ror__ __rxor__ __rlshift__ __rrshift__
__rpow__ __rdivmod__
__get__ __set__ __delete__
__copy__ __deepcopy__ __reduce__ __reduce_ex__
__getstate__ __setstate__ __getnewargs__ __getinitargs__
__subclasshook__ __subclasscheck__ __instancecheck__
__dir__ __sizeof__'''.split()
for sm in smethods:
setattr(Instance, sm, lambda self, *args, sm=sm: self.__dict__[sm](*args))
def classify(local_dict=None):
'Move local definitions to an instance dictionary'
o = Instance()
if local_dict is None:
local_dict = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
vars(o).update(local_dict)
return o
############################################################################
### Simple example #######################################################
def Animal(name):
'Animal-like class'
def speak():
print('I am', name)
def set_name(newname):
nonlocal name
name = newname
def __getitem__(key):
return '%s is %sing' % (name, key.title())
return classify()
d = Animal('Fido')
print(d.name)
d.speak()
d.set_name('Max')
d.speak()
print(d['fetch'])
############################################################################
### Practical example ####################################################
def PriorityQueue(initial_tasklist):
'Retrieve tasks by priority. Tasks can be removed or reprioritized.'
from heapq import heappush, heappop
pq = [] # list of entries arranged in a heap
entry_finder = {} # mapping of tasks to entries
REMOVED = object() # placeholder for a removed task
count = 0 # unique sequence count
def add(task, priority=0):
'Add a new task or update the priority of an existing task'
nonlocal count
if task in entry_finder:
remove(task)
entry = [priority, count, task]
entry_finder[task] = entry
heappush(pq, entry)
count += 1
def remove(task):
'Mark an existing task as REMOVED. Raise KeyError if not found.'
entry = entry_pop(task)
entry[-1] = REMOVED
def pop():
'Remove and return the lowest priority task. Raise KeyError if empty.'
while pq:
priority, count, task = heappop(pq)
if task is not REMOVED:
del entry_finder[task]
return task
raise KeyError('pop from an empty priority queue')
def __iter__():
'Show task in order of priority'
pq.sort()
for priority, count, task in pq:
if task is not REMOVED:
yield task
def __repr__():
return 'PriorityQueue()'
def __str__():
return 'PriorityQueue with %d pending tasks' % __len__()
# Delegate some of the work to the entry_finder dictionary
__contains__ = entry_finder.__contains__
__len__ = entry_finder.__len__
entry_pop = entry_finder.pop
# No separate method needed for initialization
for task, priority in initial_tasklist:
add(task, priority)
return classify()
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Note: Client code is written normally. It makes no difference
# whether a PriorityQueue was implemented as a regular class or
# implemented using closures.
todo = PriorityQueue([('fish', 5), ('play', 3)])
todo.add('code', 1)
todo.add('sleep', 6)
print(list(todo))
print('Pop the topmost task: %r' % todo.pop())
print("Deprioritize 'play'")
todo.add('play', 10)
todo.remove('sleep')
print(len(todo))
print(list(todo))
print(todo)
print('fish' in todo)
help(PriorityQueue)
help(todo.add)
Diff to Previous Revision
--- revision 8 2012-04-07 21:54:14
+++ revision 9 2012-04-11 06:21:18
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# Simple tool for making class-like objects using closures in Python 3
+# Simple tool for making class-like objects using nested scopes and closures in Python 3
#
# Advantages:
# * cleaner coding style
# * faster internal references
# * faster external calls - no bound methods or rewriting arg tuples
-# * easy to delegate work to other objects
+# * inlined initialization code
+# * painlessly delegate work to other objects
#
# Disadvantages:
# * need setter methods to update attributes
@@ -15,23 +16,35 @@
import sys
-class Object:
- 'Holder for anything you want to attach to it'
+class Instance:
+ 'Instances where methods are implemented as closures'
# The Python interpreter looks for special methods in the class dictionary
# Add support for them by dispatching them back to the instance methods
-for sm in '''__len__ __bool__ __repr__ __str__ __iter__ __next__
- __getitem__ __setitem__ __delitem__ __contains__
- __eq__ __ne__ __lt__ __le__ __gt__ __ge__ __hash__
- __add__ __mul__ __sub__ __truediv__ __floordiv__ __mod__
- __pow__ __and__ __or__ __xor__ __invert__ __pos__ __neg__
- __int__ __index__ __format__ __sizeof__
- __call__ __enter__ __exit__ __reduce__ '''.split():
- setattr(Object, sm, lambda self, *args, sm=sm: self.__dict__[sm](*args))
+smethods = '''__bool__ __int__ __float__ __complex__ __index__
+ __len__ __getitem__ __setitem__ __delitem__ __contains__
+ __iter__ __next__ __reversed__
+ __call__ __enter__ __exit__
+ __str__ __repr__ __bytes__ __format__
+ __eq__ __ne__ __lt__ __le__ __gt__ __ge__ __hash__
+ __add__ __mul__ __sub__ __truediv__ __floordiv__ __mod__
+ __and__ __or__ __xor__ __invert__ __lshift__ __rshift__
+ __pos__ __neg__ __abs__ __pow__ __divmod__
+ __round__ __ceil__ __floor__ __trunc__
+ __radd__ __rmul__ __rsub__ __rtruediv__ __rfloordiv__ __rmod__
+ __rand__ __ror__ __rxor__ __rlshift__ __rrshift__
+ __rpow__ __rdivmod__
+ __get__ __set__ __delete__
+ __copy__ __deepcopy__ __reduce__ __reduce_ex__
+ __getstate__ __setstate__ __getnewargs__ __getinitargs__
+ __subclasshook__ __subclasscheck__ __instancecheck__
+ __dir__ __sizeof__'''.split()
+for sm in smethods:
+ setattr(Instance, sm, lambda self, *args, sm=sm: self.__dict__[sm](*args))
def classify(local_dict=None):
'Move local definitions to an instance dictionary'
- o = Object()
+ o = Instance()
if local_dict is None:
local_dict = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
vars(o).update(local_dict)
@@ -53,10 +66,10 @@
return classify()
d = Animal('Fido')
+print(d.name)
d.speak()
d.set_name('Max')
d.speak()
-print(d.name)
print(d['fetch'])
@@ -109,11 +122,12 @@
def __str__():
return 'PriorityQueue with %d pending tasks' % __len__()
- # Some work can be delegated to another object
+ # Delegate some of the work to the entry_finder dictionary
__contains__ = entry_finder.__contains__
__len__ = entry_finder.__len__
entry_pop = entry_finder.pop
+ # No separate method needed for initialization
for task, priority in initial_tasklist:
add(task, priority)
