'Demonstrate effective use of super()'
import collections
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level='INFO')
class LoggingDict(dict):
# Simple example of extending a builtin class
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
logging.info('Setting %r to %r' % (key, value))
return super().__setitem__(key, value)
class LoggingOD(LoggingDict, collections.OrderedDict):
# Build new functionality by reordering the MRO
pass
ld = LoggingDict([('red', 1), ('green', 2), ('blue', 3)])
print(ld)
ld['red'] = 10
ld = LoggingOD([('red', 1), ('green', 2), ('blue', 3)])
print(ld)
ld['red'] = 10
print('-' * 20)
# ------- Show the order that the methods are called ----------
def show_call_order(cls, methname):
'Utility to show the call chain'
classes = [cls for cls in cls.__mro__ if methname in cls.__dict__]
print(' ==> '.join('%s.%s' % (cls.__name__, methname) for cls in classes))
show_call_order(LoggingOD, '__setitem__')
show_call_order(LoggingOD, '__iter__')
print('-' * 20)
# ------- Validate and document any call order requirements -----
position = LoggingOD.__mro__.index
assert position(LoggingDict) < position(collections.OrderedDict)
assert position(collections.OrderedDict) < position(dict)
# ------- Getting the argument signatures to match --------------
class Shape:
def __init__(self, *, shapename, **kwds):
self.shapename = shapename
super().__init__(**kwds)
class ColoredShape(Shape):
def __init__(self, *, color, **kwds):
self.color = color
super().__init__(**kwds)
cs = ColoredShape(color='red', shapename='circle')
# -------- Making sure a root exists ----------------------------
class Root:
def draw(self):
try:
super().draw # check for masked draw() methods
except AttributeError:
pass # the delegation chain stops here
else:
raise Exception('Root.draw() not last in __mro__')
class Shape(Root):
def __init__(self, *, shapename, **kwds):
self.shapename = shapename
super().__init__(**kwds)
def draw(self):
print('Drawing. Setting shape to:', self.shapename)
super().draw()
class ColoredShape(Shape):
def __init__(self, *, color, **kwds):
self.color = color
super().__init__(**kwds)
def draw(self):
print('Drawing. Setting color to:', self.color)
super().draw()
ColoredShape(color='blue', shapename='square').draw()
print('-' * 20)
# ------- Show how to incorporate a non-cooperative class --------
class Moveable:
# non-cooperative class that doesn't use super()
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def draw(self):
print('Drawing at position:', self.x, self.y)
class MoveableAdapter(Root):
# make a cooperative adapter class for Moveable
def __init__(self, *, x, y, **kwds):
self.moveable = Moveable(x, y)
super().__init__(**kwds)
def draw(self):
self.moveable.draw()
super().draw()
class MovableColoredShape(ColoredShape, MoveableAdapter):
pass
MovableColoredShape(color='red', shapename='triangle', x=10, y=20).draw()
# -------- Complete example ------------------------------------
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
class OrderedCounter(Counter, OrderedDict):
'Counter that remembers the order elements are first encountered'
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, OrderedDict(self))
def __reduce__(self):
return self.__class__, (OrderedDict(self),)
oc = OrderedCounter('abracadabra')
print(oc)
Diff to Previous Revision
--- revision 4 2011-05-31 06:23:24
+++ revision 5 2011-06-01 01:28:23
@@ -22,10 +22,9 @@
ld = LoggingOD([('red', 1), ('green', 2), ('blue', 3)])
print(ld)
ld['red'] = 10
-
print('-' * 20)
-# ------- Show the order that the methods are called -------
+# ------- Show the order that the methods are called ----------
def show_call_order(cls, methname):
'Utility to show the call chain'
@@ -34,8 +33,15 @@
show_call_order(LoggingOD, '__setitem__')
show_call_order(LoggingOD, '__iter__')
+print('-' * 20)
-# ------- Getting the argument signatures to match ----------
+# ------- Validate and document any call order requirements -----
+
+position = LoggingOD.__mro__.index
+assert position(LoggingDict) < position(collections.OrderedDict)
+assert position(collections.OrderedDict) < position(dict)
+
+# ------- Getting the argument signatures to match --------------
class Shape:
def __init__(self, *, shapename, **kwds):
@@ -49,11 +55,16 @@
cs = ColoredShape(color='red', shapename='circle')
-# -------- Making sure a root exists --------------------------
+# -------- Making sure a root exists ----------------------------
class Root:
def draw(self):
- pass # the delegation chain stops here
+ try:
+ super().draw # check for masked draw() methods
+ except AttributeError:
+ pass # the delegation chain stops here
+ else:
+ raise Exception('Root.draw() not last in __mro__')
class Shape(Root):
def __init__(self, *, shapename, **kwds):
@@ -72,8 +83,9 @@
super().draw()
ColoredShape(color='blue', shapename='square').draw()
+print('-' * 20)
-# ------- Show how to wrap a non-cooperative class --------
+# ------- Show how to incorporate a non-cooperative class --------
class Moveable:
# non-cooperative class that doesn't use super()
@@ -97,7 +109,7 @@
MovableColoredShape(color='red', shapename='triangle', x=10, y=20).draw()
-# -------- Complete example ---------------------------------
+# -------- Complete example ------------------------------------
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
