import random
class TTTGame(object):
_coords = [(x, y) for y in range(3) for x in range(3)]
_num_to_coord = dict([(n+1, c) for n, c in enumerate(_coords)])
_win_ways = (# Horizontal
set([1, 2, 3]),
set([4, 5, 6]),
set([7, 8, 9]),
# Verticle
set([1, 4, 7]),
set([2, 5, 8]),
set([3, 6, 9]),
# Diagonal
set([1, 5, 9]),
set([3, 5, 7]))
def __init__(self, game=None):
if not game:
self.board = map(list, ['___'] * 3)
self.avail = set(xrange(1, 10))
self.xnums = set()
self.onums = set()
else:
self.board = map(list, game.board)
self.avail = set(game.avail)
self.xnums = set(game.xnums)
self.onums = set(game.onums)
def __str__(self):
rows = [' | '.join(row).replace('_',' ')
for row in self.board[::-1]]
divs = ['\n---+---+---\n', '\n---+---+---\n', '\n']
return ' ' + ' '.join(map(''.join, zip(rows, divs)))
def winner(self):
"""Return 'X' or 'O' or 'T' else False if game not over."""
for way in self._win_ways:
if way.issubset(self.xnums):
return 'X'
if way.issubset(self.onums):
return 'O'
if len(self.xnums) + len(self.onums) == 9:
return 'T'
return False
def play(self, n, piece=None):
"""
Place piece at spot numbered n and ammend attributes.
if piece is None, remove the piece at cell n and ammend attributes.
"""
x, y = self._num_to_coord[n]
if piece:
self.board[y][x] = piece
(self.xnums if piece == 'X' else self.onums).add(n)
self.avail.remove(n)
else:
self.board[y][x] = '_'
self.avail.add(n)
(self.xnums if n in self.xnums else self.onums).remove(n)
def next_move(self, piece):
"""
Return the next best move for piece as cell number.
"""
if all(map(lambda x: len(set(x)) == 1, self.board)):
return random.choice((1, 3, 7, 9)) # Corners are best first play.
scores = []
avail = list(self.avail)
for n in avail:
node = TTTGame(self)
node.play(n, piece)
scores.append(node._evaluate(piece))
best = max(enumerate(scores), key=lambda x: x[1])[0]
return avail[best]
def _evaluate(self, piece):
"""
Return a score for how favourable the current board is towards piece.
"""
state = self.winner()
if state:
return (1 if state == piece else 0 if state == 'T' else -1)
scores = []
apponent = 'OX'.replace(piece, '')
for n in self.avail:
self.play(n, apponent)
scores.append(0-self._evaluate(apponent))
self.play(n) # reverse play
safest = min(scores)
return safest
class CLI(object):
# - Note that game_loop() is not concerned with any of the display
# attributes or refreshing the screen.
# - Each method is responsible for
# handling it's own display characteristics, for now, with the use of
# the message attribute and refresh().
# - Methods which modify the message attribute should assign an empty
# string to message attribute before returning, except in cases like
# coin_toss().
# - Methods may communicate with each other via return values, not
# via message or any other display attribute.
def __init__(self):
# Display variables.
self.wins = 0
self.losses = 0
self.ties = 0
self.message = ''
# Piece assignments.
self.player = ''
self.computer = ''
# TTTGame instance.
self.game = None
# Players turn or not.
self.turn = None
def refresh(self):
screen = '\n' * 100 # Clear screen.
screen += "TicTacToe\n"
screen += ("wins:%s\tlosses:%s\tties:%s\n\n" %
(self.wins, self.losses, self.ties))
screen += str(self.game) if self.game else '\n' * 4 # The game board.
screen += '\n' + self.message + '\n'
print screen
def coin_toss(self):
"""Assigns player a piece at random, Returns None."""
while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("Heads or Tails (or just hit enter)? ")
if option.lower() in ['', 'heads', 'h', 'tails', 't']:
self.player = random.choice(['X', 'O'])
self.computer = 'XO'.replace(self.player, '')
break
else:
self.message = "That's not a valid choice!"
self.message = "You go first" if self.player == 'X' else ''
def player_turn(self):
while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("cell number: ").strip().lower()
if option == 'hint':
self.message = str(self.game.next_move(self.player))
elif not (option.isdigit() and 1 <= int(option) <= 9):
self.message = "That's not a valid option!"
elif int(option) not in self.game.avail:
self.message = "That cell is already occupied!"
else:
break
self.game.play(int(option), self.player)
self.message = ''
def computer_turn(self):
self.refresh()
best = self.game.next_move(self.computer)
self.game.play(best, self.computer)
self.message = ''
def play_again(self):
"""Gives user the chance to quit the program or continue."""
while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("Play again (enter) or n? ").strip().lower()
if not option:
self.message = ''
return
elif option in ["no", 'n']:
import sys
sys.exit()
else:
self.message = "That's not a valid option!"
def game_loop(self):
"""Simple game loop."""
while True:
self.game = TTTGame()
self.coin_toss()
self.turn = (self.player == 'X') # X always goes first.
while not self.game.winner():
if self.turn:
self.player_turn()
else:
self.computer_turn()
self.turn = not self.turn
winner = self.game.winner()
if winner == 'T':
self.message = "You tied."
self.ties += 1
elif winner == self.player:
self.message = "You won!"
self.wins += 1
else:
self.message = "You lost."
self.losses += 1
self.play_again()
if __name__ == '__main__':
print '\n' * 100
print ("Welome to TicTacToe\n\n" +
"Cells are numbered 1 to 9 and correspond directly\n" +
"with keys on your keyboards numpad.\n\n" +
"To make a play, type the relevent number and hit enter\n\n" +
"You can also type hint when it's your turn to play.\n\n" +
"BTW, the computer is unbeatable. Which means your win\n" +
"statistic will never show anything other than 0.\n" +
"Have fun ;)\n\n")
raw_input(".... (hit enter) ...")
user_interface = CLI()
user_interface.game_loop()
Diff to Previous Revision
--- revision 1 2013-06-18 10:34:29
+++ revision 2 2013-06-18 10:52:27
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
def play(self, n, piece=None):
"""
Place piece at spot numbered n and ammend attributes.
- if piece == None, remove the piece at cel n and ammend attributes.
+ if piece is None, remove the piece at cell n and ammend attributes.
"""
x, y = self._num_to_coord[n]
if piece:
@@ -95,6 +95,16 @@
class CLI(object):
+ # - Note that game_loop() is not concerned with any of the display
+ # attributes or refreshing the screen.
+ # - Each method is responsible for
+ # handling it's own display characteristics, for now, with the use of
+ # the message attribute and refresh().
+ # - Methods which modify the message attribute should assign an empty
+ # string to message attribute before returning, except in cases like
+ # coin_toss().
+ # - Methods may communicate with each other via return values, not
+ # via message or any other display attribute.
def __init__(self):
# Display variables.
@@ -120,8 +130,8 @@
print screen
def coin_toss(self):
- """Mock coin toss. Assigns player a piece at random."""
- while True:
+ """Assigns player a piece at random, Returns None."""
+ while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("Heads or Tails (or just hit enter)? ")
if option.lower() in ['', 'heads', 'h', 'tails', 't']:
@@ -130,19 +140,17 @@
break
else:
self.message = "That's not a valid choice!"
- if self.player == 'X':
- self.message = "You go first"
+ self.message = "You go first" if self.player == 'X' else ''
def player_turn(self):
- available = self.game.avail
- while True:
+ while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("cell number: ").strip().lower()
if option == 'hint':
self.message = str(self.game.next_move(self.player))
elif not (option.isdigit() and 1 <= int(option) <= 9):
self.message = "That's not a valid option!"
- elif int(option) not in available:
+ elif int(option) not in self.game.avail:
self.message = "That cell is already occupied!"
else:
break
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@
def play_again(self):
"""Gives user the chance to quit the program or continue."""
- while True:
+ while True: # until user enters valid input
self.refresh()
option = raw_input("Play again (enter) or n? ").strip().lower()
if not option:
@@ -169,7 +177,7 @@
else:
self.message = "That's not a valid option!"
- def play(self):
+ def game_loop(self):
"""Simple game loop."""
while True:
self.game = TTTGame()
@@ -206,4 +214,4 @@
"Have fun ;)\n\n")
raw_input(".... (hit enter) ...")
user_interface = CLI()
- user_interface.play()
+ user_interface.game_loop()
