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A simple class in Python representing a Matrix with basic operations, operator overloading and class factory methods to make Matrices from different sources.

Python, 281 lines
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import random
import operator
import sys
import unittest

__version__ = "0.3"

class MatrixError(Exception):
    """ An exception class for Matrix """
    pass

class Matrix(object):
    """ A simple Python matrix class with
    basic operations and operator overloading """
    
    def __init__(self, m, n, init=True):
        if init:
            self.rows = [[0]*n for x in range(m)]
        else:
            self.rows = []
        self.m = m
        self.n = n
        
    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.rows[idx]

    def __setitem__(self, idx, item):
        self.rows[idx] = item
        
    def __str__(self):
        s='\n'.join([' '.join([str(item) for item in row]) for row in self.rows])
        return s + '\n'

    def __repr__(self):
        s=str(self.rows)
        rank = str(self.getRank())
        rep="Matrix: \"%s\", rank: \"%s\"" % (s,rank)
        return rep
    
    def reset(self):
        """ Reset the matrix data """
        self.rows = [[] for x in range(self.m)]
                     
    def transpose(self):
        """ Transpose the matrix. Changes the current matrix """
        
        self.m, self.n = self.n, self.m
        self.rows = [list(item) for item in zip(*self.rows)]

    def getTranspose(self):
        """ Return a transpose of the matrix without
        modifying the matrix itself """
        
        m, n = self.n, self.m
        mat = Matrix(m, n)
        mat.rows =  [list(item) for item in zip(*self.rows)]
        
        return mat

    def getRank(self):
        return (self.m, self.n)

    def __eq__(self, mat):
        """ Test equality """

        return (mat.rows == self.rows)
        
    def __add__(self, mat):
        """ Add a matrix to this matrix and
        return the new matrix. Doesn't modify
        the current matrix """
        
        if self.getRank() != mat.getRank():
            raise MatrixError, "Trying to add matrixes of varying rank!"

        ret = Matrix(self.m, self.n)
        
        for x in range(self.m):
            row = [sum(item) for item in zip(self.rows[x], mat[x])]
            ret[x] = row

        return ret

    def __sub__(self, mat):
        """ Subtract a matrix from this matrix and
        return the new matrix. Doesn't modify
        the current matrix """
        
        if self.getRank() != mat.getRank():
            raise MatrixError, "Trying to add matrixes of varying rank!"

        ret = Matrix(self.m, self.n)
        
        for x in range(self.m):
            row = [item[0]-item[1] for item in zip(self.rows[x], mat[x])]
            ret[x] = row

        return ret

    def __mul__(self, mat):
        """ Multiple a matrix with this matrix and
        return the new matrix. Doesn't modify
        the current matrix """
        
        matm, matn = mat.getRank()
        
        if (self.n != matm):
            raise MatrixError, "Matrices cannot be multipled!"
        
        mat_t = mat.getTranspose()
        mulmat = Matrix(self.m, matn)
        
        for x in range(self.m):
            for y in range(mat_t.m):
                mulmat[x][y] = sum([item[0]*item[1] for item in zip(self.rows[x], mat_t[y])])

        return mulmat

    def __iadd__(self, mat):
        """ Add a matrix to this matrix.
        This modifies the current matrix """

        # Calls __add__
        tempmat = self + mat
        self.rows = tempmat.rows[:]
        return self

    def __isub__(self, mat):
        """ Add a matrix to this matrix.
        This modifies the current matrix """

        # Calls __sub__
        tempmat = self - mat
        self.rows = tempmat.rows[:]     
        return self

    def __imul__(self, mat):
        """ Add a matrix to this matrix.
        This modifies the current matrix """

        # Possibly not a proper operation
        # since this changes the current matrix
        # rank as well...
        
        # Calls __mul__
        tempmat = self * mat
        self.rows = tempmat.rows[:]
        self.m, self.n = tempmat.getRank()
        return self

    def save(self, filename):
        open(filename, 'w').write(str(self))
        
    @classmethod
    def _makeMatrix(cls, rows):

        m = len(rows)
        n = len(rows[0])
        # Validity check
        if any([len(row) != n for row in rows[1:]]):
            raise MatrixError, "inconsistent row length"
        mat = Matrix(m,n, init=False)
        mat.rows = rows

        return mat
        
    @classmethod
    def makeRandom(cls, m, n, low=0, high=10):
        """ Make a random matrix with elements in range (low-high) """
        
        obj = Matrix(m, n, init=False)
        for x in range(m):
            obj.rows.append([random.randrange(low, high) for i in range(obj.n)])

        return obj

    @classmethod
    def makeZero(cls, m, n):
        """ Make a zero-matrix of rank (mxn) """

        rows = [[0]*n for x in range(m)]
        return cls.fromList(rows)

    @classmethod
    def makeId(cls, m):
        """ Make identity matrix of rank (mxm) """

        rows = [[0]*m for x in range(m)]
        idx = 0
        
        for row in rows:
            row[idx] = 1
            idx += 1

        return cls.fromList(rows)
    
    @classmethod
    def readStdin(cls):
        """ Read a matrix from standard input """
        
        print 'Enter matrix row by row. Type "q" to quit'
        rows = []
        while True:
            line = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
            if line=='q': break

            row = [int(x) for x in line.split()]
            rows.append(row)
            
        return cls._makeMatrix(rows)

    @classmethod
    def readGrid(cls, fname):
        """ Read a matrix from a file """

        rows = []
        for line in open(fname).readlines():
            row = [int(x) for x in line.split()]
            rows.append(row)

        return cls._makeMatrix(rows)

    @classmethod
    def fromList(cls, listoflists):
        """ Create a matrix by directly passing a list
        of lists """

        # E.g: Matrix.fromList([[1 2 3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]])

        rows = listoflists[:]
        return cls._makeMatrix(rows)
        

class MatrixTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def testAdd(self):
        m1 = Matrix.fromList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
        m2 = Matrix.fromList([[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]])        
        m3 = m1 + m2
        self.assertTrue(m3 == Matrix.fromList([[8, 10, 12], [14,16,18]]))

    def testSub(self):
        m1 = Matrix.fromList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
        m2 = Matrix.fromList([[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]])        
        m3 = m2 - m1
        self.assertTrue(m3 == Matrix.fromList([[6, 6, 6], [6, 6, 6]]))

    def testMul(self):
        m1 = Matrix.fromList([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
        m2 = Matrix.fromList([[7, 8], [10, 11], [12, 13]])
        self.assertTrue(m1 * m2 == Matrix.fromList([[63, 69], [150, 165]]))
        self.assertTrue(m2*m1 == Matrix.fromList([[39, 54, 69], [54, 75, 96], [64, 89, 114]]))

    def testTranspose(self):

        m1 = Matrix.makeRandom(25, 30)
        zerom = Matrix.makeZero(25, 30)
        m2 = m1 + zerom
        
        m1.transpose()
        m1.transpose()
        self.assertTrue(m2 == m1)

        # Also test getTranspose
        m2 = m1.getTranspose()
        r2 = m2.getRank()

        self.assertTrue(r2==(30,25))
        m2.transpose()

        self.assertTrue(m2 == m1)

    def testId(self):

        m1 = Matrix.makeId(10)
        m2 = Matrix.makeRandom(4, 10)
        m3 = m2*m1
        self.assertTrue(m3 == m2)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

There are quite a few recipes here which provide Matrix classes but I couldn't come across anything that provides a very simple Matrix class without too much complexity.

My requirements where a class that performs most of the operations with rows (no double indexing as much as possible), does transpose very optimally even for large matrices, provides operator overloading to naturally perform operations and a few factory methods to create matrices all in one class with simple code.

The end result is the above code. This can be used for any quick code that needs Matrices without needing to import another library.

Sample usage.

>>> from matrix import Matrix
>>> m = Matrix.makeRandom(3,3)
>>> print m
0 5 8
5 0 3
7 7 5
>>> m2 = Matrix.makeRandom(3,3)
>>> print m2
2 6 0
7 1 4
1 7 6
>>> print m + m2
2 11 8
12 1 7
8 14 11
>>> print m - m2
-2 -1 8
-2 -1 -1
6 0 -1
>>> m3 = Matrix.makeRandom(3,2)
>>> print m3
4 4
5 2
5 9
>>> print m * m3
65 82
35 47
88 87
>>> m4 = Matrix.makeRandom(3,3)
>>> print m4
7 0 4
2 0 9
3 4 7
>>> m += m4
>>> print m
7 5 12
7 0 12
10 11 12
>>> m5 = Matrix.makeRandom(3,3)
>>> print m5
3 8 0
3 0 9
9 9 4
>>> m -= m5
>>> print m
4 -3 12
4 0 3
1 2 8
>>> m *= m3
>>> print m
61 118
31 43
54 80
>>> m6 = Matrix.readStdin()
Enter matrix row by row. Type "q" to quit
1 2 3
4 5 6
q
>>> print m6
1 2 3
4 5 6
>>> m6.transpose()
>>> print m6
1 4
2 5
3 6
>>> open('grid.txt','w').write(str(m6))
>>> m7 = Matrix.readGrid('grid.txt')
>>> print (m7 == m6)
True
>>> m8 = Matrix.makeRandom(25, 35)
>>> m8.transpose()
>>> print m8.getRank()
(35, 25)

Version 2.0 - Added unit-tests, repr, factory function to make Matrix from lists. Version 3.0 - Added makeId, fixed stupid prev transpose method to use zip()

2 comments

Martin Miller 11 years, 11 months ago  # | flag

Would be even more useful if it had some methods for basic matrix transformations were added.

W. Scott Stornetta 7 years, 10 months ago  # | flag

having trouble understanding the value of having init=True as a case in your __init__ definition. Can you give an instance when you would want init=True vs another where you would want init=False?