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The curses module defines several functions (based on terminfo) that can be used to perform lightweight cursor control & output formatting (color, bold, etc). These can be used without invoking curses mode (curses.initwin) or using any of the more heavy-weight curses functionality. This recipe defines a TerminalController class, which can make portable output formatting very simple. Formatting modes that are not supported by the terminal are simply omitted.

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import sys, re

class TerminalController:
    """
    A class that can be used to portably generate formatted output to
    a terminal.  
    
    `TerminalController` defines a set of instance variables whose
    values are initialized to the control sequence necessary to
    perform a given action.  These can be simply included in normal
    output to the terminal:

        >>> term = TerminalController()
        >>> print 'This is '+term.GREEN+'green'+term.NORMAL

    Alternatively, the `render()` method can used, which replaces
    '${action}' with the string required to perform 'action':

        >>> term = TerminalController()
        >>> print term.render('This is ${GREEN}green${NORMAL}')

    If the terminal doesn't support a given action, then the value of
    the corresponding instance variable will be set to ''.  As a
    result, the above code will still work on terminals that do not
    support color, except that their output will not be colored.
    Also, this means that you can test whether the terminal supports a
    given action by simply testing the truth value of the
    corresponding instance variable:

        >>> term = TerminalController()
        >>> if term.CLEAR_SCREEN:
        ...     print 'This terminal supports clearning the screen.'

    Finally, if the width and height of the terminal are known, then
    they will be stored in the `COLS` and `LINES` attributes.
    """
    # Cursor movement:
    BOL = ''             #: Move the cursor to the beginning of the line
    UP = ''              #: Move the cursor up one line
    DOWN = ''            #: Move the cursor down one line
    LEFT = ''            #: Move the cursor left one char
    RIGHT = ''           #: Move the cursor right one char

    # Deletion:
    CLEAR_SCREEN = ''    #: Clear the screen and move to home position
    CLEAR_EOL = ''       #: Clear to the end of the line.
    CLEAR_BOL = ''       #: Clear to the beginning of the line.
    CLEAR_EOS = ''       #: Clear to the end of the screen

    # Output modes:
    BOLD = ''            #: Turn on bold mode
    BLINK = ''           #: Turn on blink mode
    DIM = ''             #: Turn on half-bright mode
    REVERSE = ''         #: Turn on reverse-video mode
    NORMAL = ''          #: Turn off all modes

    # Cursor display:
    HIDE_CURSOR = ''     #: Make the cursor invisible
    SHOW_CURSOR = ''     #: Make the cursor visible

    # Terminal size:
    COLS = None          #: Width of the terminal (None for unknown)
    LINES = None         #: Height of the terminal (None for unknown)

    # Foreground colors:
    BLACK = BLUE = GREEN = CYAN = RED = MAGENTA = YELLOW = WHITE = ''
    
    # Background colors:
    BG_BLACK = BG_BLUE = BG_GREEN = BG_CYAN = ''
    BG_RED = BG_MAGENTA = BG_YELLOW = BG_WHITE = ''
    
    _STRING_CAPABILITIES = """
    BOL=cr UP=cuu1 DOWN=cud1 LEFT=cub1 RIGHT=cuf1
    CLEAR_SCREEN=clear CLEAR_EOL=el CLEAR_BOL=el1 CLEAR_EOS=ed BOLD=bold
    BLINK=blink DIM=dim REVERSE=rev UNDERLINE=smul NORMAL=sgr0
    HIDE_CURSOR=cinvis SHOW_CURSOR=cnorm""".split()
    _COLORS = """BLACK BLUE GREEN CYAN RED MAGENTA YELLOW WHITE""".split()
    _ANSICOLORS = "BLACK RED GREEN YELLOW BLUE MAGENTA CYAN WHITE".split()

    def __init__(self, term_stream=sys.stdout):
        """
        Create a `TerminalController` and initialize its attributes
        with appropriate values for the current terminal.
        `term_stream` is the stream that will be used for terminal
        output; if this stream is not a tty, then the terminal is
        assumed to be a dumb terminal (i.e., have no capabilities).
        """
        # Curses isn't available on all platforms
        try: import curses
        except: return

        # If the stream isn't a tty, then assume it has no capabilities.
        if not term_stream.isatty(): return

        # Check the terminal type.  If we fail, then assume that the
        # terminal has no capabilities.
        try: curses.setupterm()
        except: return

        # Look up numeric capabilities.
        self.COLS = curses.tigetnum('cols')
        self.LINES = curses.tigetnum('lines')
        
        # Look up string capabilities.
        for capability in self._STRING_CAPABILITIES:
            (attrib, cap_name) = capability.split('=')
            setattr(self, attrib, self._tigetstr(cap_name) or '')

        # Colors
        set_fg = self._tigetstr('setf')
        if set_fg:
            for i,color in zip(range(len(self._COLORS)), self._COLORS):
                setattr(self, color, curses.tparm(set_fg, i) or '')
        set_fg_ansi = self._tigetstr('setaf')
        if set_fg_ansi:
            for i,color in zip(range(len(self._ANSICOLORS)), self._ANSICOLORS):
                setattr(self, color, curses.tparm(set_fg_ansi, i) or '')
        set_bg = self._tigetstr('setb')
        if set_bg:
            for i,color in zip(range(len(self._COLORS)), self._COLORS):
                setattr(self, 'BG_'+color, curses.tparm(set_bg, i) or '')
        set_bg_ansi = self._tigetstr('setab')
        if set_bg_ansi:
            for i,color in zip(range(len(self._ANSICOLORS)), self._ANSICOLORS):
                setattr(self, 'BG_'+color, curses.tparm(set_bg_ansi, i) or '')

    def _tigetstr(self, cap_name):
        # String capabilities can include "delays" of the form "$<2>".
        # For any modern terminal, we should be able to just ignore
        # these, so strip them out.
        import curses
        cap = curses.tigetstr(cap_name) or ''
        return re.sub(r'\$<\d+>[/*]?', '', cap)

    def render(self, template):
        """
        Replace each $-substitutions in the given template string with
        the corresponding terminal control string (if it's defined) or
        '' (if it's not).
        """
        return re.sub(r'\$\$|\${\w+}', self._render_sub, template)

    def _render_sub(self, match):
        s = match.group()
        if s == '$$': return s
        else: return getattr(self, s[2:-1])

#######################################################################
# Example use case: progress bar
#######################################################################

class ProgressBar:
    """
    A 3-line progress bar, which looks like::
    
                                Header
        20% [===========----------------------------------]
                           progress message

    The progress bar is colored, if the terminal supports color
    output; and adjusts to the width of the terminal.
    """
    BAR = '%3d%% ${GREEN}[${BOLD}%s%s${NORMAL}${GREEN}]${NORMAL}\n'
    HEADER = '${BOLD}${CYAN}%s${NORMAL}\n\n'
        
    def __init__(self, term, header):
        self.term = term
        if not (self.term.CLEAR_EOL and self.term.UP and self.term.BOL):
            raise ValueError("Terminal isn't capable enough -- you "
                             "should use a simpler progress dispaly.")
        self.width = self.term.COLS or 75
        self.bar = term.render(self.BAR)
        self.header = self.term.render(self.HEADER % header.center(self.width))
        self.cleared = 1 #: true if we haven't drawn the bar yet.
        self.update(0, '')

    def update(self, percent, message):
        if self.cleared:
            sys.stdout.write(self.header)
            self.cleared = 0
        n = int((self.width-10)*percent)
        sys.stdout.write(
            self.term.BOL + self.term.UP + self.term.CLEAR_EOL +
            (self.bar % (100*percent, '='*n, '-'*(self.width-10-n))) +
            self.term.CLEAR_EOL + message.center(self.width))

    def clear(self):
        if not self.cleared:
            sys.stdout.write(self.term.BOL + self.term.CLEAR_EOL +
                             self.term.UP + self.term.CLEAR_EOL +
                             self.term.UP + self.term.CLEAR_EOL)
            self.cleared = 1

The following statements show how TerminalController can be used to add a little color to error and warning statements, if the terminal supports color:

>>> term = TerminalController()
>>> print term.render('${YELLOW}Warning:${NORMAL}'), 'paper is crinkled'
>>> print term.render('${RED}Error:${NORMAL}'), 'paper is ripped'

If the terminal does not support color, then the same output string will be generated, just without the color.

Since this recipe uses terminfo, this recipe should support more terminal types than simply checking if $TERM=vt100 and using vt100 control sequences, or other similar approaches that are often taken.

The second half of this recipe is really just an example use case, showing how TerminalController could be used to generate a fancy progress bar. To use it, first construct a ProgressBar instance, and then call the update() method whenever you wish to update its progress. Call clear() to erase it when you're done. (caveat: if you need to print other output while using the progress bar, then clear it before you do; otherwise, it may overwrite whatever you printed).

>>> import time
>>> term = TerminalController()
>>> progress = ProgressBar(term, 'Processing some files')
>>> filenames = ['this', 'that', 'other', 'foo', 'bar', 'baz']
>>> for i, filename in zip(range(len(filenames)), filenames):
...     progress.update(float(i)/len(filenames), 'working on %s' % filename)
...     time.sleep(.3)
>>> progress.clear()

(In a real-life use case, you'd want to check if ProgressBar raised an exception, and if so, fall back on a simpler progress bar implementation.)

This recipe should work with at least Python 2.1+.

9 comments

Nicholas 18 years, 1 month ago  # | flag

cool! Thanks!

Edward Loper (author) 18 years, 1 month ago  # | flag

Added support for OS X. I just modified the recipe to support terminals like OS X that use setaf/setab instead of setf/setb.

-Edward

Fabian Kreutz 17 years, 4 months ago  # | flag

Typo in capability name. My terminfo states, that the capability name for HIDE_CURSOR should be "civis" and not "cinvis".

Martin Blais 16 years, 7 months ago  # | flag

Nice... this kind of functionality should be in the stdlib... It would be so convenient if this would be in the std library...

Munchy Glop 16 years, 4 months ago  # | flag

isatty. You should check that isatty is implemented before calling it:

if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'isatty'): #...

Source: http://docs.python.org/lib/bltin-file-objects.html#l2h-300

Munchy Glop 16 years, 4 months ago  # | flag

isatty. You should check that isatty is implemented before calling it:

if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'isatty'): #...

Source: http://docs.python.org/lib/bltin-file-objects.html#l2h-300

Drew Gulino 16 years, 3 months ago  # | flag

Add BELL. It's nice to make noise, too:

add:

# Sound:

BELL = ''            #: Make terminal sound



 And append "BELL= bel" to _STRING_CAPABILITIES
Erik Rose 12 years, 5 months ago  # | flag

If you like this, you might also consider my library called Blessings, which has a similar level of abstraction but provides access to all terminfo capabilities, puts a few more abstractions in place (like an adaptive "color" attr for setaf/setf), and is a bit terser to use:

from blessings import Terminal

t = Terminal()

print t.bold('Hi there!')  # t.bold works as either a string or a callable.
print t.bold_red_on_bright_green('It hurts my eyes!')

with t.location(1, t.height):
    print 'This is at the {t.underline}bottom{t.no_underline}.'.format(t=t)
print 'And this is back where we came from.'

There's a pretty comprehensive readme at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/blessings/. Cheers!

fylwind 8 years, 11 months ago  # | flag

Should use except Exception: rather than except:, otherwise you could accidentally catch asynchronous exceptions like KeyboardInterrupt.