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The usual way to make a request to a database is to write a string with the SQL syntax, then execute this request and get the result as a list with cursor.fetchall() or cursor.fetchone()

Python has list comprehensions to select items in an iterable if a certain condition is true ; this is very similar to database requests

This recipe wraps a table of a DB-API compliant database in a class that implements the iteration protocol, so that you can use the for ... in ... if ... syntax

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"""A wrapper around DBAPI-compliant databases to support iteration
and list comprehension syntax for requests, instead of SQL

To get an iterator, initialize a connection to the database, then

tbl = Table(connection,table_name)

returns an iterator that yields records (instances of the generic
class Record) whose attributes match the fields in the database

You can also choose to return a dictionary or a list with the
method set_return_type()

Example of use with sqlite :

    from pysqlite2 import dbapi2 as sqlite

    conn = sqlite.connect('planes')
    plane_tbl = Table(conn,'plane')
    country_tbl = Table(conn,'countries')

    # simple requests
    print [ r.name for r in plane_tbl if r.country == 'France' ]
    print [ r.country for r in country_tbl if r.continent == 'Europe']

    # request on two tables
    print [r.name for r in plane_tbl for c in country_tbl 
            if r.country == c.country and c.continent == 'Europe']

"""

class Record(object):
    """A generic class for database records"""
    pass

class Table:

    def __init__(self,conn,table):
        self.table = table
        self.cursor = conn.cursor()
        self._iterating = False
        # to initialize cursor.description, make a select request
        self.sql = "SELECT * FROM %s" %self.table
        self.cursor.execute(self.sql)
        self.names = [ d[0] for d in self.cursor.description ]
        self.return_type = object
    
    def set_return_type(self,rt):
        if not rt in [object,list,dict]:
            raise TypeError,"Invalid return type %s" %rt
        else:
            self.return_type = rt
        
    def __iter__(self):
        return self
    
    def next(self):
        if not self._iterating:
            # begin iteration
            self.cursor.execute(self.sql)
            self._iterating = True
        row = self.cursor.fetchone()
        if row is not None:
            if self.return_type == object:
                # transform list into instance of Record
                rec = Record()
                rec.__dict__ = dict(zip(self.names,row))
                return rec
            elif self.return_type == dict:
                return dict(zip(self.names,row))
            elif self.return_type == list:
                return row
        self._iterating = False
        raise StopIteration

The requests using this syntax are much slower than with the raw SQL statement, mostly because building an instance of a user-defined class takes some time

You can set the return type to dict (a little faster than an object) or to list (much faster, but still slower than raw SQL)

5 comments

Matteo Dell'Amico 18 years, 6 months ago  # | flag

I also have noted the similarity between comprehensions and SQL queries... and I plain dislike SQL syntax, and writing ugly SQL queries in a clean python program. :)

I've wondered if there was some way of getting back to the data contained in a generator expression, such that something like

query(r.name for r in plane_tbl if r.country == "France")

could be translated into the corresponding SQL query by the 'query' constructor without performance penalty. Unfortunately, I couldn't find a way to inspect the objects generated by generator expressions... could anybody help in that?

George Sakkis 18 years, 6 months ago  # | flag

I don't think you can inspect generators the way you have in mind, but check out SQLObject (http://sqlobject.org/SQLObject.html). It can express sql queries almost as clean as generators and with the same lazy evaluation property.

Andrew Dalke 18 years, 6 months ago  # | flag

generators won't work. I don't think it's possible. Using the SQLObject approach would be something like

query(r.name for r in TABLE.plane_tbl if r.country == "France")

where TABLE implemented a getattr which tracked how the plane_tbl was used. Problem is, there's no way at the object level to distinguish the above vs.

query((r.country == "France", r.name) for r in TABLE.plane_tbl)

nor, because of short circuiting, is it possible to get all of the possible routes through a complicated 'if' test. Eg, consider

if (r.population > 1E6 and r.latitude > 25) or
    (not r.population > 1E6 and r.latitude < -10)

The SQLObject approach seems to be the best. One alternative, btw, is to allow introspection of a "well-formed" function.

def search(db):
  for r in db.plane_tbl:
    if r.country == "France":
      yield r.name

You can then inspect the byte code or parse tree to figure out what the function is doing and construct a query with the same results. Not for the faint-hearted. :)

Chris Gahan 18 years, 6 months ago  # | flag

This is a title! It sounds like what you want is a language where you can reprogram how the compiler interprets the syntax. That's what you'd be doing if you were reading the contents of a generator expression -- your input would be the generator expression's parse tree, and your output would be a new chunk of code. Essentially, a tree-transform... and that's what compilers do. :)

And what's cool is that this is actually possible now. There's an interesting language called "boo" that's basically python-with-more-neat-stuff (and static typing). It's written for the CLI (Mono/.NET), but don't hold that against it -- it's still pretty spiffy

http://boo.codehaus.org/

Now if only someone would invent a language for writing new languages, so we can trade syntax modules instead of code modules.

Pierre Quentel (author) 18 years, 5 months ago  # | flag

Done in recipe 442447. I have used this method in another recipe, #442447 : get the source code of the generator expression, then parse it with the compiler module, then build the SQL statement

Created by Pierre Quentel on Tue, 4 Oct 2005 (PSF)
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