Popular recipes tagged "meta:license=mit"

Uno (Text-Based) (Python)

2017-07-15T00:46:59-07:00

Python recipe 580811 by Brandon Martin (artificial_intelligence, cards, game, text_game, uno).

A text based recreation of the classic card game featuring functional AIs to play with. Some rules have been modified. User interface is text based, non-curses, using only simple python commands to draw it.

Insert a Text Box in a PDF page (fitz / PyMuPDF) (Python)

2017-06-29T22:54:25-07:00

Python recipe 580809 by Jorj X. McKie (fitz, mupdf, pdf, textbox).

This method inserts text into a predefined rectangular area of a (new or existing) PDF page. Words are distributed across the available space, put on new lines when required etc. Line breaks and tab characters are respected / resolved. Text can be aligned in the box (left, center, right) and fonts can be freely chosen. The method returns a float indicating how vertical space is left over after filling the area.

Frame with border color for Tkinter (Python)

2017-04-17T11:25:02-07:00

Python recipe 580735 by Miguel Martínez López (border, color, frame, tkinter).

This trick show how to add a border color to frame. These are the important configurations:

 highlightbackground="your border color here"
 highlightcolor="your border color here"
 highlightthickness="the border width"
 bd= 0

The Game of Tic Tac Toe in Python (Python)

2014-01-31T02:39:48-08:00

Python recipe 578816 by Captain DeadBones (beginner, game, python).

I thought this is a fun game to program. Easy to program and can teach a lot.

Captain DeadBones

Inserting Images on PDF Pages (Python)

2017-05-17T21:10:26-07:00

Python recipe 580803 by Jorj X. McKie (fitz, mupdf, pdf, pymupdf).

Version 1.11.0 of PyMuPDF allows putting an image on an existing PDF page. The following example puts the same image on every page of a given PDF - like a thumbnail.

Tkinter table with scrollbars (Python)

2017-05-06T19:06:05-07:00

Python recipe 580793 by Miguel Martínez López (scrollbars, table, tkinter). Revision 13.

I created here a tkinter table with scrollbar support. I use one of my other recipes for the mousewheel support and scrolling:

https://code.activestate.com/recipes/580640-scrolling-frame-with-mouse-wheel-support

How to handle PDF embedded files with PyMuPDF (Python)

2017-07-11T18:57:54-07:00

Python recipe 580796 by Jorj X. McKie (embedded_files, fitz, mupdf, pdf, pymupdf). Revision 3.

Version 1.11.0 (based on MuPDF v1.11) allows exporting, importing and interrogating files embedded in a PDF.

PDF "/EmbeddedFiles" are similar to ZIP archives (or the Microsoft OLE technique), allowing arbitrary data to be incorporated in a PDF and benefit from its unique features.

How to create a simple PDF Pie Chart using fitz / PyMuPDF (Python)

2017-07-10T16:07:51-07:00

Python recipe 580810 by Jorj X. McKie (fitz, pdf_generation).

PyMuPDF now supports drawing pie charts on a PDF page.

Important parameters for the function are center of the circle, one of the two arc's end points and the angle of the circular sector. The function will draw the pie piece (in a variety of options) and return the arc's calculated other end point for any subsequent processing.

This example creates a chart of the parliament seat distribution for political parties in the current German Bundestag.

Equally-spaced numbers (linspace) (Python)

2015-01-12T22:16:37-08:00

Python recipe 579000 by Andrew Barnert (float, linspace, range, spread).

An equivalent of numpy.linspace, but as a pure-Python lazy sequence.

Like NumPy's linspace, but unlike the spread and frange recipes listed here, the num argument specifies the number of values, not the number of intervals, and the range is closed, not half-open.

Although this is primarily designed for floats, it will work for Fraction, Decimal, NumPy arrays (although this would be silly) and even datetime values.

This recipe can also serve as an example for creating lazy sequences.

See the discussion below for caveats.

Shoelace Formula for polygonal area (Python)

2017-07-17T05:53:45-07:00

Python recipe 580812 by Paddy McCarthy (2d, area).

Copied, by author from "Paddy3118 Go deh!: Python investigation of the Shoelace Formula for polygonal area http://paddy3118.blogspot.com/2017/07/python-investigation-of-shoelace.html#ixzz4n43Dqhaa " Where there is more meat on the bone (under a different license though).

Inserting pages into a PDF with PyMuPDF (Python)

2017-05-17T21:15:26-07:00

Python recipe 580802 by Jorj X. McKie (fitz, mupdf, pdf, text_conversion). Revision 2.

Version 1.11.0 of PyMuPDF allows creating new PDF pages, as well as inserting images into existing pages.

Here is a script that converts any textfile into a PDF.

Simple multicolumn listbox for tkinter (Python)

2017-05-02T22:27:15-07:00

Python recipe 580794 by Miguel Martínez López (listbox, multicolumn, table, tkinter).

This recipe makes easy to work a treeview widget like a table.

It has several options for styling:

heading_anchor
heading_font
heading_background
heading_foreground
cell_anchor
cell_background
cell_foreground
cell_font
cell_pady
height
padding
adjust_heading_to_content
stripped_rows
headers
selection_background
selection_foreground
field_background

The "command" parameter is a callback and its called each time a row is selected.

groupby() For Unsorted Input (Python)

2017-05-12T10:40:58-07:00

Python recipe 580800 by Alfe (algorithm, datastructures, generators, grouping, lazy).

We all know the groupby() which is available in the itertools standard module. This one yields groups of consecutive elements in the input which are meant to be together in one group. For non-consecutive elements this will yield more than one group for the same key.

So effectively, groupby() only reformats a flat list into bunches of elements from that list without reordering anything. In practice this means that for input sorted by key this works perfect, but for unsorted input it might yield several groups for the same key (with groups for other keys in between). Typically needed, though, is a grouping with reordering if necessary.

I implemented a likewise lazy function (yielding generators) which also accepts ungrouped input.

Tkinter frame with gradient (Python)

2017-03-11T03:43:56-08:00

Python recipe 580761 by Miguel Martínez López (canvas, frame, gradient, tkinter). Revision 4.

Frame with linear gradient using PIL.

It's also possible to make the same trick using tkinter PhotoImage.

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10417524/why-is-photoimage-put-slow

But PIL is more efficient:

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.lang.python/nQ6YO-dTz10

Possible values for orient are: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL. If orient is "vertical", then width is mandatory. If orient is "horizontal", then height is mandatory. If steps is None, then the gradient is composed of adjacent lines.

One possible practical application of gradient frames are tool bars. Gradient guives a visual clue of when an area starts and when an area finish.

Tkinter search box (Python)

2017-04-08T12:27:36-07:00

Python recipe 580773 by Miguel Martínez López (entry, search, searchbox, tkinter). Revision 9.

Instead of using two colors for active background and normal background, I use only one color and opacity parameter.

I trigger the feeling of a button using different colors when the mouse is and isn't over. Many modern HTML search boxes uses the same approach.

Command function receives text of entry box when button is pressed.

Tkinter Link or Hyperlink Button (Python)

2017-04-07T11:51:26-07:00

Python recipe 580774 by Miguel Martínez López (button, hyperlink, link, tkinter, webbrowser). Revision 6.

If a background is not provided, the widget gets the background color from its container. The link button has two states: normal and visited. When the link is clicked, the state change to visited. When the link is clicked the action command is called. By default the text of the link has an underline. There is several options for customization.

I also added this megawidget to my "Metro UI Tkinter" recipe:

https://code.activestate.com/recipes/580729-metro-ui-tkinter

Variable Abbreviations (Python)

2017-06-22T11:57:20-07:00

Python recipe 580807 by Alfe (abbreviations, contextmanager, variables, with).

One sometimes has nice long speaking names vor variables, maybe things like buildingList[foundIndex].height, but would like to address these in a shorter fashion to be used within a formula or similar where lots of longs names tend to confuse any reader trying to understand the formula. Physicists use one-letter names for a reason.

For this I wrote a small context provider which allows using short names instead of long ones:

with Abbr(h=buildingList[foundIndex].height, g=gravitationalConstant):
    fallTime = sqrt(2 * h / g)
    endSpeed = sqrt(2 * h * g)
print("Fall time:", fallTime)
print("End speed:", endSpeed)

For longer formulas this can reduce ugly multi-line expressions to clearly readable one-liners.

One could use this:

h = buildingList[foundIndex].height
g = gravitationalConstant
fallTime = sqrt(2 * h / g)
endSpeed = sqrt(2 * h * g)
del g, h
print("Fall time:", fallTime)
print("End speed:", endSpeed)

to achieve the same result, but

it would not look as clean and
the context provider solves the typical issues like cleanup on exception etc.

Just using local variables without cleanup (like above without the del statement) also is an option of course, but that would clutter the variable name space unnecessarily.

CAVEATS: The implementation of Abbr() is a hack. If used as intended and described here, it should work just fine, though. But the hackish nature forces me to mention some things: Since at compile time the compiler decides that the h and g in the example must be global variables (because they aren't assigned in the function), it produces byte code accessing global variables. The context provider changes the global variable structure to fill the needs. (Overridden already existing global variables of the same name get restored properly at context exit.) This means some things:

One cannot have a local variable of the same name in the frame surrounding the context manager.
Existing global variables are changed during the time of the context manager; so using names like sys or os for abbreviations might be a bad idea due to side-effects.

Guard against an exception in the wrong place (Python)

2017-06-25T17:17:43-07:00

Python recipe 580808 by Steven D'Aprano (context, exception, guard, manager). Revision 2.

Sometimes exception handling can obscure bugs unless you guard against a particular exception occurring in a certain place. One example is that accidentally raising StopIteration inside a generator will halt the generator instead of displaying a traceback. That was solved by PEP 479, which automatically has such StopIteration exceptions change to RuntimeError. See the discussion below for further examples.

Here is a class which can be used as either a decorator or context manager for guarding against the given exceptions. It takes an exception (or a tuple of exceptions) as argument, and if the wrapped code raises that exception, it is re-raised as another exception type (by default RuntimeError).

For example:

try:
    with exception_guard(ZeroDivisionError):
        1/0  # raises ZeroDivisionError
except RuntimeError:
    print ('ZeroDivisionError replaced by RuntimeError')


@exception_guard(KeyError)
def demo():
    return {}['key']  # raises KeyError

try:
    demo()
except RuntimeError:
    print ('KeyError replaced by RuntimeError')

How to Maintain PDF Links with fitz / PyMuPDF (Python)

2017-03-22T13:12:25-07:00

Python recipe 580765 by Jorj X. McKie (fitz, link, mupdf, pdf).

This REPL script example displays, updates, inserts and deletes links on a PDF page.

Unit Testing Nested Functions (Python)

2016-11-10T10:23:11-08:00

Python recipe 580716 by Alfe (introspection, nested, unittests). Revision 3.

Python allows the declaration of nested functions. These are typically hard to unit test because using just the normal ways of calling they cannot be called from outside their surrounding function. So they cannot be considered a clearly separated unit and thus cannot be unit tested.

This is a drawback of using them, so many developers (especially the ones deep into test driven development who strive to have a high unit test coverage) tend to avoid them in favor for standalone functions which can be called from the unit tests without any hassle.

But not all solutions with nested functions can be written as elegant with standalone functions. Nested functions are powerful insofar that they can access the local variables of the surrounding function without any need to pass them into the nested function, thus the code can in many cases stay neat and tidy while using a standalone function instead might raise the need to pass the complete context in form of a bunch of parameters. Also, using nested functions makes their local usage clear to any reader and keeps the name space tight.

But at least in the standard CPython (i. e. not necessarily in Jython, etc.) the implementation of functions (and methods) allows to find the nested function's code, wrap it properly to give it its needed context and then call it from the outside. I wrote a small module which helps doing exactly this.