If you have the freedom to choose your abscissas and your integrand is smooth or has a log singularity, then this script is for you. It computes the definite integral of a user defined function over the interval [a, b]. The user can specify the number of Gauss points (1 <= ng <= 12), the default being ng=10.
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# A. Pletzer Tue Mar 20 11:42:05 EST 2001
"""
Gauss Integration
"""
_ngmax = 12
_ngmin = 1
_nodes =(
(0.,),
(-0.5773502691896257,
0.5773502691896257,),
(-0.7745966692414834,
0.,
0.7745966692414834,),
(-0.861136311594053,
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(-0.906179845938664,
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0.,
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(-0.949107912342759,
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0.,
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0.,
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0.,
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0.5873179542866143,
0.7699026741943177,
0.904117256370452,
0.981560634246732,),
)
_weights=(
(2.,),
(1.,
1.,),
(0.5555555555555553,
0.888888888888889,
0.5555555555555553,),
(0.3478548451374539,
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(0.2369268850561887,
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(0.1713244923791709,
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(0.129484966168868,
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0.1294849661688697,),
(0.1012285362903738,
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0.1012285362903738,),
(0.0812743883615759,
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(0.06667134430868681,
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0.06667134430868681,),
(0.05566856711621584,
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0.1862902109277339,
0.1255803694649132,
0.05566856711616958,),
(0.04717533638647547,
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0.2491470458134027,
0.2334925365383534,
0.2031674267230672,
0.1600783285433586,
0.1069393259953637,
0.04717533638647547,),
)
_nodesLog =(
(0.3333333333333333,),
(0.1120088061669761,
0.6022769081187381,),
(0.06389079308732544,
0.3689970637156184,
0.766880303938942,),
(0.04144848019938324,
0.2452749143206022,
0.5561654535602751,
0.848982394532986,),
(0.02913447215197205,
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0.4117025202849029,
0.6773141745828183,
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(0.02163400584411693,
0.1295833911549506,
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0.922668851372116,),
(0.0167193554082585,
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(0.01332024416089244,
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(0.01086933608417545,
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(0.00904263096219963,
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0.5237923179723384,
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(0.007643941174637681,
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0.5876483563573721,
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0.973860256264123,),
(0.006548722279080035,
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0.7528650118926111,
0.850240024421055,
0.926749682988251,
0.977756129778486,),
)
_weightsLog=(
(-1.,),
(-0.7185393190303845,
-0.2814606809696154,),
(-0.5134045522323634,
-0.3919800412014877,
-0.0946154065661483,),
(-0.3834640681451353,
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(-0.2978934717828955,
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-0.01891155214319462,),
(-0.2387636625785478,
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(-0.1961693894252476,
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(-0.1400684387481339,
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(-0.12095513195457,
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(-0.1056522560990997,
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-0.1805632182877528,
-0.1672787367737502,
-0.1386970574017174,
-0.1038334333650771,
-0.06953669788988512,
-0.04054160079499477,
-0.01943540249522013,
-0.006737429326043388,
-0.001152486965101561,),
(-0.09319269144393,
-0.1497518275763289,
-0.166557454364573,
-0.1596335594369941,
-0.1384248318647479,
-0.1100165706360573,
-0.07996182177673273,
-0.0524069547809709,
-0.03007108900074863,
-0.01424924540252916,
-0.004899924710875609,
-0.000834029009809656,),
)
def sum(a):
return reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, a)
def mult(a, b):
return map(lambda x, y: x*y, a, b)
# make global
xmin, xmax, =0., 1.
dx = xmax - xmin
def gauss(xmin, xmax, funct, ng=10):
"""
Gauss quadature (weight function = 1.0):
xmin, xmax: boundaries of integration domain
funct: integrand function
ng: Gauss integration order
"""
ng = max((min((ng, _ngmax)), _ngmin))
ns = _nodes[ng-1]
ws = _weights[ng-1];
dx = xmax - xmin
x = map(lambda y: (dx*y + xmin + xmax)/2., ns)
return 0.5*dx*sum(mult(funct(x), ws))
def gaussLog(xmin, xmax, funct, ng=10):
"""
Gauss quadature with Log singularity at x=xmin:
xmin, xmax: boundaries of integration domain
funct: integrand function
ng: Gauss integration order
"""
ng = max((min((ng, _ngmax)), _ngmin))
ns = _nodesLog[ng-1]
ws = _weightsLog[ng-1];
dx = xmax - xmin
x = map(lambda y: (dx*y + xmin), ns)
return dx*sum(mult(funct(x), ws))
####
if __name__ == '__main__':
from math import *
def f2(x):
return map(lambda y: y**2, x)
def f3(x):
return map(lambda y: y**4, x)
def f4(x):
return map(lambda y: cos(2.*pi*(y-0.128726465)), x)
def f5(x):
return map(lambda y: 2.*cos(2.*pi*(y-0.128726465))**2, x)
print '-'*80
print 'Gauss (weight function = 1)'
print '-'*80
# simple tests
print 'gauss(0., 1., f3, 1)=', gauss(0., 1., f3, 1)
print 'gauss(0., 1., f3, 2)=', gauss(0., 1., f3, 2)
print 'gauss(0., 1., f4, 3)=', gauss(0., 1., f3, 3)
print 'gauss(0., 1., f3 )=', gauss(0., 1., f3 )
# convergence test
ng = range(_ngmin, _ngmax+1)
print """\n
Integrate[Cos[2.*Pi*(x-0.128726465)], {x, 0, 1}]
\n"""
error = []
for n in ng:
error.append(gauss(0., 10.0, f4, n))
print ' n = ', '%8d'*len(ng) % tuple(ng)
print 'error = ','%8.0e'*len(error) % tuple(error)
print """\n
Integrate[2.*Cos[2.*Pi*(x-0.128726465)]^2, {x, 0, 1}]
\n"""
error = []
for n in ng:
error.append(gauss(0., 1.0, f5, n)-1.0)
print ' n = ', '%8d'*len(ng) % tuple(ng)
print 'error = ','%8.0e'*len(error) % tuple(error)
print '-'*80
print 'Gauss with Log singularity at left boundary'
print '-'*80
a, b = 0., 1.
print """\n
Integrate[Log[x]*x^2, {x, 0, 1}]
\n"""
exact = -1./9.
error = []
for n in ng:
error.append(gaussLog(a, b, f2, n) - exact)
print ' n = ', '%8d'*len(ng) % tuple(ng)
print 'error = ','%8.0e'*len(error) % tuple(error)
print """\n
Integrate[Log[x]*2.*Cos[2.*Pi*(x-0.128726465)]^2, {x, 0, 1}]
\n"""
exact = -1.242002481967963
error = []
for n in ng:
error.append(gaussLog(a, b, f5, n) - exact)
print ' n = ', '%8d'*len(ng) % tuple(ng)
print 'error = ','%8.0e'*len(error) % tuple(error)
|
The Gaussian quadrature is among the most accurate integration scheme for smooth integrands. It replaces a integral by a sum of sampled values of the integrand function times some weight factors. The values where the sampling occurs (Gauss's nodes) are the roots of orthogonal polynomials. There are many variants of Gauss's formula applicable to integrands with various types of weight functions (Gauss-Legendre, Gauss-Chebyshev, etc.). See "Numerical Recipes in Fortran" (Cambridge University Press), p. 140 for a good introduction to Gaussian quadrature.
Expect the quadrature error to go as (b-a)*(2n+1) f^(2n), where (b-a) is the interval width, 1<=n<=12 the number of nodes used to evaluate the integral, and f^(2n) the 2*n-th derivative of the integrand taken somewhere inside the interval. So convergence is extremely fast with decreasing (b-a). In practice, machine accuracy will limit the optimal n to ~10. If your f(x) is only smooth up to order m, then I suggest you take n ~ (m-1)/2.
A typical call is:
gauss(a, b, f, ng=10) # integral of f(x) from a to b
or, if your integrand has a log singularity
gaussLog(a, b, f, ng=10) # integral of [f(x) log(x)] from a to b
Don't be put off by the length of the script, most of it is Mathematica generated code for the node and weight data, which are identical to those in "Handbook of Mathematical Functions" by Abramowitz and Stegun (Dover Publications Inc, New York), pp. 916-912. This code saves you the effort of typing them in by hand and also contains additional weights and nodes for the case w=Log(x).
Tags: algorithms
Recipe 576900 is just a rewrite of this one in a more modern way, compatible with Python 2.4 and above.